Glossary of Internet Terms (M-Z)

Glossary of Internet Terms (M-Z)

mail reflector : A mail reflector is a program that distributes information or files to a subscriber of a mailing list, Usenet group, or an IRC channel.
mailing list : A mailing list is a list of e-mail addresses used to have messages forwarded to groups of people.
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) : Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME, is the standard way to organize different file formats. For example, if you receive an e-mail, which is in a different format than yours, the file will be decoded so you can read it using MIME.
mirror site : A mirror site is usually set up due to overwhelming traffic on an existing web site. A mirror site is a site that is kept separate from the original site but contains the same information as that site. This is an alternative to users who attempt to go to a web site but cannot due to traffic problems.
moderator : A person who manages online discussion groups or mailing lists for services such as CompuServe, America Online, Prodigy or the Microsoft Network.
mosaic : A graphical browser that supports hypermedia on the World Wide Web (WWW).
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) : Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME, is the standard way to organize different file formats. For example, if you receive an e-mail, which is in a different format than yours, the file will be decoded so you can read it using MIME.

netiquette : Internet etiquette. This refers to proper behavior while using the Internet.
Network File System (NFS) : A Network File System allows a computer to access and use files over a network, just as if it were a local network.
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) : A standard industry protocol for the inquiry, distribution, retrieval, and posting of news articles.
NFS (Network File System) : A Network File System allows a computer to access and use files over a network, just as if it were a local network.
NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) : A standard industry protocol for the inquiry, distribution, retrieval, and posting of news articles.

packet : A standard unit of data sent across a network.
Packet Internet Gopher (PING) : A Packet Internet Gopher, or PING, is a simple way to time or test the response of an Internet connection. A PING sends a request to an Internet host and waits for a reply message called, what else, a PONG.
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) : A widely used method to log on to an ISP without using a terminal window.
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) : A widely used method to log on to an ISP without using a terminal window.
PING (Packet Internet Gopher) : A Packet Internet Gopher, or PING, is a simple way to time or test the response of an Internet connection. A PING sends a request to an Internet host and waits for a reply message called, what else, a PONG.
Point of Presence (POP) : Installation of telecommunications equipment.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) : A PPP is a protocol that provides a method for sending and receiving packets over serial point-to-point links.
POP : Installation of telecommunications equipment (Point of Presence). A protocol that allows single users to read mail from a server (Post Office Protocol).
Post Office Protocol (POP) : A protocol that allows single users to read mail from a server.
posting : Sending an article to a BBS or a Usenet newsgroup.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) : A PPP is a protocol that provides a method for sending and receiving packets over serial point-to-point links.
protocol : A language spoken between computers to assist each other in sending and receiving information.

router : A device that forwards traffic between networks.

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) : A standard protocol which is used to run TCP/IP over a serial line. SLIP, however, will not run on a Local Area Network (LAN) connection.
server : Any computer that can provide resources to another.
service provider (Internet Service Provider) : An organization or company that has a network with a direct link to the Internet. Using a dedicated line connection, usually through a link known as a T1 connection does this. Users can dial into to that network using their modem. Most ISP's now charge a monthly fee.
SIG (Special Interest Group) : A Special Interest Group, or SIG, sponsors different items such as IRC Channels, Listservs, and Internet Sites.
signature : Type that can be automatically added to the end of an e-mail message that will identify the sender. Signatures are usually ASCII text files.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) : A standard protocol used to transfer e-mail messages.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) : A standard Internet protocol. It is commonly used to wire hubs.
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) : A standard protocol which is used to run TCP/IP over a serial line. SLIP, however, will not run on a Local Area Network (LAN) connection.
smiley : The use punctuation marks to show feelings and emotions. For example, a smiley face is :), and a sad face would be :(
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) : A standard protocol used to transfer e-mail messages.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) : A standard Internet protocol. It is commonly used to wire hubs.
Special Interest Group (SIG) : A Special Interest Group, or SIG, sponsors different items such as IRC Channels, Listservs, and Internet Sites.
subnet mask (Address Mask) : This is used to recognize the sections of an IP address that concur with the different parts. Also known as the "subnet mask".

T1 : A connection of a host to the Internet where data is transferred at 1.544 megabits per second.
T3 : A connection of a host to the Internet where data is transferred at 44.746 megabits per second.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) : Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, is the basic communications protocol required for computers that use the Internet.
TCP/IP Stack : This is needed to properly run a TCP/IP protocol. It is made up of TCP/IP software, hardware drivers, and sockets software.
Telnet : This is the standard Internet protocol to connect to remote terminals.
TN3270 : A slightly different protocol than Telnet, TN3270 is used to connect users to an IBM mainframe.
token ring : A token ring is a kind of LAN that consists of computers that are wired into a ring. Each computer is constantly in direct contact with the next node in the ring. A token, which is a type of control message, is sent from one node to another, allowing messages to be sent throughout the network. A Token Ring network cannot communicate within itself if one ring is broken.
topology : The arrangement of all the computers on a network and the links that join them.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) : Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, is the basic communications protocol required for computers that use the Internet.

B27 Universal Resource Locator (URL) : An example of a URL would be http://www.computer.com. A Universal Resource Locator refers to the universal address of an Internet web page. A URL consists of three things. First, it starts with letters such as http, ftp, or gopher that identify the resource type, followed by a colon and two forward slashes. Next, the computer's name is listed. And finally, the filename and directory of the remote resource is listed as well.
UNIX to UNIX Copy (UUCP) : A protocol that passes e-mail and news through the Internet. Originally, UUCP allowed UNIX systems to send and receive files over phone lines.
URL (Universal Resource Locator) : An example of a URL would be http://www.computer.com. A Universal Resource Locator refers to the universal address of an Internet web page. A URL consists of three things. First, it starts with letters such as http, ftp, or gopher that identify the resource type, followed by a colon and two forward slashes. Next, the computer's name is listed. And finally, the filename and directory of the remote resource is listed as well.
Usenet : A.K.A. newsgroups. There are a vast number of different newsgroups worldwide on the Internet, available to almost anyone.
UUCP (UNIX to UNIX Copy) : A protocol that passes e-mail and news through the Internet. Originally, UUCP allowed UNIX systems to send and receive files over phone lines.

Veronica : Allows searches of all gopher sites for directories, files, and other resources. Veronica is a search engine that is built into Gopher.

W3 (World Wide Web) : A collection of online documents on Internet servers worldwide. World Wide Web documents are written in HTML. In order to use the World Wide Web, you must have a World Wide Web browser.
WAIS (Wide Area Information Service) : A search engine and distributed information service that allows indexed searching and natural language input.
White Pages : Databases containing postal addresses, telephone numbers, and e-mail addresses of users on the Internet.
Wide Area Information Service (WAIS) : A search engine and distributed information service that allows indexed searching and natural language input.
Winsocks : Acronym for Windows Sockets. A set of standards and specifications for programmers who are programming a TCP/IP application to use in Windows.
World Wide Web (W3, WWW) : A collection of online documents on Internet servers worldwide. World Wide Web documents are written in HTML. In order to use the World Wide Web, you must have a World Wide Web browser.
WWW (World Wide Web, W3) : A collection of online documents on Internet servers worldwide. World Wide Web documents are written in HTML. In order to use the World Wide Web, you must have a World Wide Web browser.

Cleaning ancient coins

Cleaning ancient coins

Cleaning ancient coins using the distilled water and olive oil method.
INTRODUCTION
The first step in cleaning ancient coins is to acquire some. Ancient coins are those older than medieval times and some of the most plentiful are from the Byzantine Empire. Uncleaned coins can be purchased singly or in lots of ten to a thousand or more. For your first venture into this form of treasure hunting, it would be wise to start small with ten or twenty coins. Expect to pay about a dollar each for these bits of antiquity. Also expect them to be mostly small and made of bronze. Most uncleaned coins offered for sale will have been gone over with a metal detector to winnow-out the gold and silver ones. Don't let this deter you, however, as a lot of the fun of this hobby is scrapping off centuries of dirt and corrosion to catch a glimpse of a laureate profile or Latin inscription.
When your coins arrive, they will be more or less disc-shaped and may sound metallic when jiggled. They will be covered with dirt or worse. Your task will be to clean them enough to see if you have attributable coins or worn slugs of ancient metal. If you are already familiar with collections of modern coins be prepared to lower your standards considerably. Perfect, uncirculated ancient coins are very rare and unlikely to turn up in odd lots of uncleaned coins. The standards applied to ancient coins make allowances for the centuries they have been in existence, squirreled away in usually damp and dirty hiding places.
Any coin that still shows traces of its original stamped image will probably grade poor to fair. Coins that have recognizable images and inscriptions will be good to very good to fine or very fine. Do not be discouraged if you find coins that have images that are off-center, contain holes, or show signs of having pieces sawn off. Remember that ancient coins were hand-made using blank discs of metal and special mint dies. A blank was placed on the bottom of the die, covered with the top die and stuck sharply with a hand-held mallet. Less skilful workers would produce sloppy coins. Large denomination coins were sometimes cut into smaller pieces to make change and coinage was often altered by succeeding regimes by piercing or re-striking. It was not uncommon for ancient people to make a small cut in a coin to make sure it was solid and not just plated with precious metal. There are collectors that specialize in altered coins. Don't throw anything away just because it looks less than perfect.

GETTING STARTED
Before you start cleaning your coins you will want to assemble a few tools and some chemicals.
Tools: A good source of light is essential. Craft shops sell magnifying lights that are very useful, especially if you do not have a stereo microscope. Empty baby food jars are very handy for holding liquids and soaking coins. You will need an old toothbrush for scrubbing the coins, toothpicks or dried rose thorns for picking out bits of dirt, and cotton swabs for working on small areas of a coin. Remember that ancient coins are fairly soft metal either bronze, copper, silver, or gold. You do not want to scratch the surface of the coin while cleaning it nor do you want to remove any patina that may have built up over the centuries. Your object is NOT to reduce your coins to shiny like-new condition.
Chemicals: Most of the dirt on your coins will yield to soaks in distilled water or olive oil. Do not use tap water, the chemicals in tap water can harm your coins and destroy any traces of patina that may remain. More encrusted coins will clean up after soaking in olive oil. Use the least expensive oil, not extra virgin. Very persistent dirt can be removed with WD40 and a combination of baking soda and vinegar. These last two should be used only as a last resort as they can change the color of the patina. Vinegar and baking soda can also worsen pitting on already-pitted coin surfaces.

THE CLEANING PROCESS
Sort your coins before you start cleaning them. If you are very fortunate, you will have some that will need very little cleaning to be recognizable. Keep these coins in a separate jar as they will not need much work. If you only have a few coins, put them in a small dish or baby food jar and cover with distilled water. Allow them to soak for an hour or so then pull one out and rub it with your fingers to see if the dirt is softened enough to remove. If your fingers get soiled, use the toothbrush to scrub away at the surface.
Do this with all the coins, one at a time, rinsing each one in more distilled water and drying carefully with paper towels. Examine each coin under magnification, either a hand lens, magnifying light, or stereo microscope. Some of your coins might be pretty clean just from the water soak. If they are still encrusted with dirt, a longer soaking, over night or for several days, in fresh distilled water might do the trick. Repeat the soaking, scrubbing, rinsing, and drying a second time.
Coins that are still encrusted with dirt and corrosion should now be put in olive oil. Use a container that has a tightly fitting lid so that you don't spill the oil accidentally. Dirty olive oil is very messy to clean up. Let your coins soak in the oil for a day or more. You can pull them out, brush them with the toothbrush and blot with paper towels, and examine them under magnification. As the dirt comes off, remove the clean coins from the oil but return the still-dirty ones for more soaking.

As the dirt and corrosion comes off the coins you should be able to see images and inscriptions. If, as you work your way through the cleaning process, you can't see anything you may have to accept that you have a worn-out slug, a coin that has been through many hands and all the images are rubbed smooth. Fifty years of constant circulation is enough to remove most vestiges of relief from a coin.
Patina is not present on all coins. It is a coating that develops on metal after many years of use. It can be greenish, brownish, or grayish in color and many collectors consider it one of the beauties of ancient coins. A coin with excellent patina can be forgiven a slightly worn image, for instance. NEVER do anything to a coin that will remove the patina or change its original color.
Coins that show good images, patina, and some inscription are worth a more careful examination under magnification. Here is where you will want to start picking with a toothpick or dead rose thorn. Work carefully under magnification and try to dislodge bits of corrosion from between letters and around details. If you have a hot glue gun, plug it in and drop a glob of glue on the coin. When it hardens, lift the glue off and a lot of dirt will go with it.

METHODS TO AVOID
Do not be tempted to use metal brushes, rock tumblers, dremel tools, or ultrasonic cleaners. All of these methods will result in smooth, shiny, metal slugs, NOT attributable coins. Also avoid the use of harsh chemicals. Experts make use of formic acid, sulfuric acid, and silver nitrate but in the hands of a beginner these chemicals can ruin coins and cause injury.

IDENTIFYING YOUR COINS
If you are very fortunate and discover a coin in very good or fine condition you will want to identify it if at all possible. There are many books available to help in the attribution process or you can take your treasure to an antiquarian for assessment. Some will do this for free others will expect a fee and some might even be interested in buying your find.
Coins of little or no value to a serious collector are still interesting and can be used to make intriguing pieces of jewelry. Craft shops sell bezels for enclosing coins to make pendents, broaches, or charms. Coins can also be mounted and framed for display.
Whether you find a valuable coin or not, the enjoyment of handling real money that ancient people used in their daily commerce is a big part of cleaning coins. You may develop a deeper interest in the history of Rome and ancient Greece and collecting the coinage of those ancient civilizations is like traveling back in time.